同位语是必学的内容。但教材及练习所涉及的范围有限,多半集中在同位语从句上,或者侧重于如何区别于定语从句上,其余的大都被忽略了。因此当近几年高考题出现多种形式的同位语时,不少考生叫难。这表明同位语的教学目前或多或少还是一个被遗忘的角落。在这里我们从以下几个方面进行讲解:
定义:一个名词或代词后面有时可以跟一个名词(或起类似作用的其他形式),对前者进一步说明它指的是谁,什么等,那么这一部分就叫做同位语。同位语与被它补充说明的词的格要一致,并常常紧挨在一起。
单词作同位语
This is my friend Harry.
We both come from Hunan.
We Chinese are brave and hardworking.
You three take these seats.
短语作同位语
⑴ 使用不定式作同位语。如:
He says that Computertown UK was formed for just the opposite reason,to bring computers to people and make them “people-literate”.
⑵ 使用介词短语作同位语。如:
Wang Li,just back from the training class,was made director of the Maternity Home.
⑶ 有时可用形容词作同位语,作用接近定语,但放在所同位名词的后面,且有逗号把它们分开。如:
People,old and young,took to the streets to watch the parade.
三、从句作同位语:
同位语从句是一种在平常的学习中经常出现的从句形式,我们应从以下三点掌握并予以运用:
⑴ 什么是同位语从句
某些名词后面,可以跟that或连接代词(副词)引起的从句作同位语,说明其内容时,该从句就称为同位语从句。
⑵同位语从句的先行词有:idea,fact,news,hope,belief,thought,doubt,promise, truth,agreement,decision等。如:
I have no idea that you were here.
The news that our team has won the match is true.
注意:有时这种同位语不紧跟在它说明的名词后面。如:
The order soon came that all the soldiers should go to the front.
⑶ 区别同位语从句和定语从句
从意义上讲,前者对名词加以补充说明,而后者对名词进行修饰和限定。
从结构上讲,前者由连接词引导,后者由关系代词引导。
从内涵上讲,前者所说明的名词与从句没有逻辑关系,后者所限定的名词是从句逻辑上的主语、宾语、表语等。
引导同位语从句的连词不可省略,而引导定语从句的关系代词作宾语时常可省略。
同位语从句说明的名词大都是抽象名词,而定语从句所修饰、限定的名词则没有限制。
试比较:
The news that he was married is not true. (同位语从句。that在从句中不作任何成分,和从句没有逻辑关系)
The news that you told me yesterday is true. (定语从句。that 在句中作宾语,可以省略)
【考例1】 Some researchers believe that there is no doubt________ a cure for AIDS will be found. (2005广东)
A. which B. that
C. what D. whether
解析:答案B。在“there is no doubt”后常跟that引导的同位语从句,表示“毫无疑问”之意。
【考例2】 A warm thought suddenly came to me
________ I might use the pocket money to buy some flowers for my mother's birthday. (2006安徽)
A. if B. when
C. that D.which
解析:答案C。that 引导同位语从句,来进一步解释说明thought。
【考例3】 Nobody believed his reason for being absent from the class ________ he had to meet his uncle at the airport. (2006重庆)
A. why B. that
C. where D. because
解析:答案B。that 引导同位语从句,进一步解释reason。句意为:没有人相信他不来上课的原因——他必须到机场去接他的叔叔。